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Honey has been used extensively throughout the history of art as an ingredient in water-based colors of all types. Call us or visit us online for prices www. Be a Good Steward But with decreasing distance, this law must be modified because, in accordance with the above considerations, the force changes sign and must become a repulsive force. Boscovich even plotted fanciful traces of how the force should vary with distance in which the force changed sign several times, hinting to the existence of minima in the potential and the existence of stable bonds between the particles—the atoms.

With this idea Boscovich not only offered a new picture for interactions in place of the Aristotelian-Cartesian theory based on immediate contact, but also presaged our understanding of the structure of matter, especially that of solid bodies.

But this principle is wrong. There are cases when I can make myself better off by restricting my future choices and commit myself to a specific course of action. The idea of commitment as a strategy is an ancient one. Odysseus famously had his crew tie him to the mast so he could listen to the Sirens' songs without falling into the temptation to steer the ship into the rocks.

And he committed his crew to not listening by filling their ears with wax. But although the idea is an old one, we did not begin to understand its nuances until Nobel Laureate Thomas Schelling's wrote his masterpiece: "An Essay on Bargaining". It is well known that thorny games such as the prisoner's dilemma can be solved if both players can credibly commit themselves to cooperating, but how can I convince you that I will cooperate when it is a dominant strategy for me to defect?

And, if you and I are game theorists, you know that I know that you know that I know that defecting is a dominant strategy. Schelling gives many examples of how this can be done, but here is my favorite. A Denver rehabilitation clinic whose clientele consisted of wealthy cocaine addicts, offered a "self-blackmail" strategy.

Patient were offered an opportunity to write a self- incriminating letter that would be delivered if and only if the patient, who is tested on a random schedule, is found to have used cocaine. Most cocaine addicts will probably have no trouble thinking of something to write about, and will now have a very strong incentive to stay off drugs.

They are committed. Many of society's thorniest problems, from climate change to Middle East peace could be solved if the relevant parties could only find a way to commit themselves to some future course of action. They would be well advised to study Tom Schelling in order to figure out how to make that commitment. One could always respond that God created the universe and made it simple enough so that we can comprehend it. This would match the words about a miracle and an undeserved gift.

But shall we give up so easily? Let us consider several other questions of a similar type. Why is our universe so large? Why parallel lines do not intersect? Why different parts of the universe look so similar? For a long time such questions looked too metaphysical to be considered seriously. Now we know that inflationary cosmology provides a possible answer to all of these questions. Let us see whether it might help us again. To understand the issue, consider some examples of an incomprehensible universe where mathematics would be inefficient.

Quantum fluctuations of space-time in this regime are so large that all rulers are rapidly bending and shrinking in an unpredictable way. This happens faster than one could measure distance. All clocks are destroyed faster than one could measure time.

All records about the previous events become erased, so one cannot remember anything and predict the future. The universe is incomprehensible for anybody living there, and the laws of mathematics cannot be efficiently used. If the huge density example looks a bit extreme, rest assured that it is not.

There are three basic types of universes: closed, open and flat. A typical closed universe created in the hot Big Bang would collapse in about seconds, in a state with the Planck density. A typical open universe would grow so fast that formation of galaxies would be impossible, and our body would be instantly torn apart. Nobody would be able to live and comprehend the universe in either of these two cases. We can enjoy life in a flat or nearly flat universe, but this requires fine-tuning of initial conditions at the moment of the Big Bang with an incredible accuracy of about Recent developments in string theory, which is the most popular though extremely complicated candidate for the role of the theory of everything, reveal an even broader spectrum of possible but incomprehensible universes.

According to the latest developments in string theory, we may have about or more choices of the possible state of the world surrounding us. All of these choices follow from the same string theory. However, the universes corresponding to each of these choices would look as if they were governed by different laws of physics; their common roots would be well hidden.

Since there are so many different choices, some of them may describe the universe we live in. But most of these choices would lead to a universe where we would be unable to live and efficiently use mathematics and physics to predict the future. At the time when Einstein and Wigner were trying to understand why our universe is comprehensible, everybody assumed that the universe is uniform and the laws of physics are the same everywhere. In this context, recent developments would only sharpen the formulation of the problem: We must be incredibly lucky to live in the universe where life is possible and the universe is comprehensible.

This would indeed look like a miracle, like a "gift that we neither understand nor deserve. During the last 30 years the way we think about our world changed profoundly. We found that inflation, the stage of an exponentially rapid expansion of the early universe, makes our part of the universe flat and extremely homogeneous. This means that instead of looking like an expanding spherically symmetric ball, our world looks like a multiverse, a collection of an incredibly large number of exponentially large bubbles.

For almost all practical purposes, each of these bubbles looks like a separate universe. Different laws of the low energy physics operate inside each of these universes. In some of these universes, quantum fluctuations are so large that any computations are impossible. Mathematics there is inefficient because predictions cannot be memorized and used.

Lifetime of some of these universes is too short. Some other universes are long living but laws of physics there do not allow existence of anybody who could live sufficiently long to learn physics and mathematics. Fortunately, among all possible parts of the multiverse there should be some exponentially large parts where we may live. But our life is possible only if the laws of physics operating in our part of the multiverse allow formation of stable, long-living structures capable of making computations.

This implies existence of stable mathematical relations that can be used for long-term predictions. Rapid development of the human race was possible only because we live in the part of the multiverse where the long-term predictions are so useful and efficient that they allow us to survive in the hostile environment and win in the competition with other species. To summarize, the inflationary multiverse consists of myriads of 'universes' with all possible laws of physics and mathematics operating in each of them.

We can only live in those universes where the laws of physics allow our existence, which requires making reliable predictions. In other words, mathematicians and physicists can only live in those universes which are comprehensible and where the laws of mathematics are efficient. One can easily dismiss everything that I just said as a wild speculation. It seems very intriguing, however, that in the context of the new cosmological paradigm, which was developed during the last 30 years, we might be able, for the first time, to approach one of the most complicated and mysterious problems which bothered some of the best scientists of the 20th century.

For centuries, neuroscience attempted to neatly assign labels to the various parts of the brain: this is the area for language, this one for morality, this for tool use, color detection, face recognition, and so on. This search for an orderly brain map started off as a viable endeavor, but turned out to be misguided. The deep and beautiful trick of the brain is more interesting: it possesses multiple, overlapping ways of dealing with the world.

It is a machine built of conflicting parts. It is a representative democracy that functions by competition among parties who all believe they know the right way to solve the problem. As a result, we can get mad at ourselves, argue with ourselves, curse at ourselves and contract with ourselves. We can feel conflicted. These sorts of neural battles lie behind marital infidelity, relapses into addiction, cheating on diets, breaking of New Year's resolutions—all situations in which some parts of a person want one thing and other parts another.

These are things which modern machines simply do not do. Your car cannot be conflicted about which way to turn: it has one steering wheel commanded by only one driver, and it follows directions without complaint. Brains, on the other hand, can be of two minds, and often many more. We don't know whether to turn toward the cake or away from it, because there are several sets of hands on the steering wheel of behavior. Take memory. Under normal circumstances, memories of daily events are consolidated by an area of the brain called the hippocampus.

But in frightening situations—such as a car accident or a robbery—another area, the amygdala, also lays down memories along an independent, secondary memory track. Amygdala memories have a different quality to them: they are difficult to erase and they can return in "flash-bulb" fashion—a common description of rape victims and war veterans.

In other words, there is more than one way to lay down memory. We're not talking about memories of different events, but different memories of the same event. The unfolding story appears to be that there may be even more than two factions involved, all writing down information and later competing to tell the story.

The unity of memory is an illusion. And consider the different systems involved in decision making: some are fast, automatic and below the surface of conscious awareness; others are slow, cognitive, and conscious. And there's no reason to assume there are only two systems; there may well be a spectrum.

Some networks in the brain are implicated in long-term decisions, others in short-term impulses and there may be a fleet of medium-term biases as well. Attention, also, has also recently come to be understood as the end result of multiple, competing networks, some for focused, dedicated attention to a specific task, and others for monitoring broadly vigilance. They are always locked in competition to steer the actions of the organism. Even basic sensory functions—like the detection of motion—appear now to have been reinvented multiple times by evolution.

This provides the perfect substrate for a neural democracy. On a larger anatomical scale, the two hemispheres of the brain, left and right, can be understood as overlapping systems that compete. We know this from patients whose hemispheres are disconnected: they essentially function with two independent brains. For example, put a pencil in each hand, and they can simultaneously draw incompatible figures such as a circle and a triangle.

The two hemispheres function differently in the domains of language, abstract thinking, story construction, inference, memory, gambling strategies, and so on. The two halves constitute a team of rivals: agents with the same goals but slightly different ways of going about it. To my mind, this elegant solution to the mysteries of the brain should change the goal for aspiring neuroscientists. Instead of spending years advocating for one's favorite solution, the mission should evolve into elucidating the different overlapping solutions: how they compete, how the union is held together, and what happens when things fall apart.

Part of the importance of discovering elegant solutions is capitalizing on them. The neural democracy model may be just the thing to dislodge artificial intelligence. We human programmers still approach a problem by assuming there's a best way to solve it, or that there's a way it should be solved. But evolution does not solve a problem and then check it off the list.

Instead, it ceaselessly reinvents programs, each with overlapping and competing approaches. The lesson is to abandon the question "what's the most clever way to solve that problem? At the center of the cloud our Sun began to burn, while the outlying dust grains began to stick together as they orbited the new star. Within a million years, those clumps of dust had become protoplanets. Within about 50 million years, our own planet had already reached about half its current size.

As more protoplanets crashed into Earth, it continued to grow. All told, it may have taken another fifty million years to reach its full size—a time during which a Mars-sized planet crashed into it, leaving behind a token of its visit: our Moon.

The formation of the Earth commands our greatest powers of imagination. It is primordially magnificent. But elegant is not the word I'd use to describe the explanation I just sketched out. Scientists did not derive it from first principles. In fact, the only reason that we now know so much about how the Earth formed is because geologists freed themselves from a seductively elegant explanation that was foisted on them years ago. It was unquestionably beautiful, and stunningly wrong.

The explanation was the work of one of the greatest physicists of the nineteenth century, William Thompson a k a Lord Kelvin. Kelvin's accomplishments ranged from the concrete figuring out how to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America to the abstract the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Kelvin spent much of his career writing equations that could let him calculate how fast hot things got cold. Kelvin realized that he could use these equations to estimate how old the Earth is.

At the time, scientists generally agreed that the Earth had started out as a ball of molten rock and had been cooling ever since. Such a birth would explain why rocks are hot at the bottom of mine shafts: the surface of the Earth was the first part to cool, and ever since, the remaining heat inside the planet has been flowing out into space. Kelvin reasoned that over time, the planet should steadily grow cooler. He used his equations to calculate how long it should take for a molten sphere of rock to cool to Earth's current temperature, with its observed rate of heat flow.

His verdict was a brief 98 million years. Geologists howled in protest. They didn't know how old the Earth was, but they thought in billions of years, not millions. Charles Darwin—who was a geologist first and then a biologist later—estimated that it had taken million years for a valley in England to erode into its current shape.

The Earth itself, Darwin argued, was far older. And later, when Darwin published his theory of evolution, he took it for granted that the Earth was inconceivably old. That luxury of time provided room for evolution to work slowly and imperceptibly. Kelvin didn't care. His explanation was so elegant, so beautiful, so simple that it had to be right. It didn't matter how much trouble it caused for other scientists who would ignore thermodynamics.

In fact, Kelvin made even more trouble for geologists when he took another look at his equations. He decided his first estimate had been too generous. The Earth might be only 10 million years old. It turned out that Kelvin was wrong, but not because his equations were ugly or inelegant. They were flawless.

The problem lay in the model of the Earth to which Kelvins applied his equations. The story of Kelvin's refutation got a bit garbled in later years. Many people myself included have mistakenly claimed that his error stemmed from his ignorance of radioactivity. Radioactivity was only discovered in the early s as physicists worked out quantum physics.

The physicist Ernst Rutherford declared that the heat released as radioactive atom broke down inside the Earth kept it warmer than it would be otherwise. Thus a hot Earth did not have to be a young Earth. It's true that radioactivity does give off heat, but there isn't enough inside the planet is to account for the heat flowing out of it. Instead, Kelvin's real mistake was assuming that the Earth was just a solid ball of rock. In reality, the rock flows like syrup, its heat lifting it up towards the crust, where it cools and then sinks back into the depths once more.

This stirring of the Earth is what causes earthquakes, drives old crust down into the depths of the planet, and creates fresh crust at ocean ridges. It also drives heat up into the crust at a much greater rate than Kelvin envisioned. That's not to say that radioactivity didn't have its own part to play in showing that Kelvin was wrong. Physicists realized that the tick-tock of radioactive decay created a clock that they could use to estimate the age of rocks with exquisite precision.

Thus we can now say that the Earth is not just billions of years old, but 4. Elegance unquestionably plays a big part in the advancement of science. The mathematical simplicity of quantum physics is lovely to behold. But in the hands of geologists, quantum physics has brought to light the glorious, messy, and very inelegant history of our planet.

It is not optional. You are embarked. Which will you choose then? You have two things to lose, the true and the good; and two things to stake, your reason and your will, your knowledge and your happiness; and your nature has two things to shun, error and misery. Your reason is no more shocked in choosing one rather than the other, since you must of necessity choose. This is one point settled. But your happiness? Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances.

If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing. Wager, then, without hesitation that He is. And, stripped of its particulars, it provides a simple and effective way to reason about contemporary problems like climate change. All we need to think about are the consequences of being wrong.

Let's assume for a moment that there is no human-caused climate change, or that the consequences are not dire, and we've made big investments to avert it. What's the worst that happens? In order to deal with climate change: 1. We've made major investments in renewable energy. This is an urgent issue even in the absence of global warming, as the IEA has now revised the date of "peak oil" to , only 11 years from now. We've invested in a potent new source of jobs. We've improved our national security by reducing our dependence on oil from hostile or unstable regions.

We've mitigated the enormous "off the books" economic losses from pollution. We currently subsidize fossil fuels in dozens of ways, by allowing power companies, auto companies, and others to keep environmental costs "off the books," by funding the infrastructure for autos at public expense while demanding that railroads build their own infrastructure, and so on. We've renewed our industrial base, investing in new industries rather than propping up old ones.

Climate critics like Bjorn Lomborg like to cite the cost of dealing with global warming. But the costs are similar to the "costs" incurred by record companies in the switch to digital music distribution, or the costs to newspapers implicit in the rise of the web.

That is, they are costs to existing industries, but ignore the opportunities for new industries that exploit the new technology. I have yet to see a convincing case made that the costs of dealing with climate change aren't principally the costs of protecting old industries. By contrast, let's assume that the climate skeptics are wrong. We face the displacement of millions of people, droughts, floods and other extreme weather, species loss, and economic harm that will make us long for the good old days of the current financial industry meltdown.

Climate change really is a modern version of Pascal's wager. On one side, the worst outcome is that we've built a more robust economy. On the other side, the worst outcome really is hell. In short, we do better if we believe in climate change and act on that belief, even if we turned out to be wrong. But I digress. The illustration has become the entire argument. Pascal's wager is not just for mathematicians, nor for the religiously inclined.

It is a useful tool for any thinking person. I learned to distrust optimality. Fitness landscapes sometimes called "adaptive landscapes" keep turning up when people try to figure out how evolution or innovation works in a complex world. An important critique by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert of early optimism about artificial intelligence warned that seemingly intelligent agents would dumbly "hill climb" to local peaks of illusory optimality and get stuck there.

Complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman used fitness landscapes to visualize his ideas about the "adjacent possible" in and , and that led in turn to Steven Johnson's celebration of how the "adjacent possible" works for innovation in Where Good Ideas Come From.

The man behind the genius of fitness landscapes was the founding theorist of population genetics, Sewell Wright In he came up with the landscape as a way to visualize and explain how biological populations escape the potential trap of a local peak by imagining what might drive their evolutionary "path" downhill from the peak toward other possibilities.

The third diagram shows what happens when the landscape itself shifts, and the population has to evolve to shift with it. The bottom row explores how small populations respond to inbreeding by wandering ineffectively. The best mode of exploration Wright deemed the final diagram, showing how a species can divide into an array of races that interact with one another.

That jostling crowd explores well, and it can respond to opportunity. Fitness landscapes express so much so economically. There's no better way, for example, to show the different modes of evolution of a remote oceanic island and a continental jungle. The jungle is dense and "rugged" with steep peaks and valleys, isolating countless species on their tiny peaks of high specialization.

The island, with its few species, is like a rolling landscape of gentle hills with species casually wandering over them, evolving into a whole array of Darwin's finches, say. The island creatures and plants "lazily" become defenseless against invaders from the mainland. You realize that for each species, its landscape consists almost entirely of other species, all of them busy evolving right back. That's co-evolution. We are all each other's fitness landscapes. First, it accounts for the complex organization of the cerebral cortex the most recent evolutionary component of the brain using a very simple rule.

Second, it deals with scaling issues very well, and indeed it also accounts for a specific phenomenon in a widespread human behavior, imitation. It explains how neurons packed themselves in the cerebral cortex and how humans relate to each other. Not a small feat. Let's start from the brain. The idea that neurons with similar properties cluster together is theoretically appealing, because it minimizes costs associated with transmission of information.

This idea is also supported by empirical evidence it does not always happen that a theoretically appealing idea is supported by empirical data, sadly. Indeed, more than a century of a variety of brain mapping techniques demonstrated the existence of 'visual cortex' here we find neurons that respond to visual stimuli , 'auditory cortex' here we find neurons that respond to sounds , 'somatosensory cortex' here we find neurons that respond to touch , and so forth.

When we zoom in and look in detail at each type of cortex, we also find that the 'like attracts like' principle works well. The brain forms topographic maps. For instance, let's look at the 'motor cortex' here we find neurons that send signals to our muscles so that we can move our body, walk, grasp things, move the eyes and explore the space surrounding us, speak, and obviously type on a keyboard, as I am doing now.

In the motor cortex there is a map of the body, with neurons sending signals to hand muscles clustering together and being separate from neurons sending signals to feet or face muscles. So far, so good. In the motor cortex, however, we also find multiple maps for the same body part for instance, the hand. Furthermore, these multiple maps are not adjacent. What is going here? It turns out that body parts are only one of the variables that are mapped by the motor cortex.

Other important variables are, for instance, different types of coordinated actions and the space sector in which the action ends. The coordinated actions that are mapped by the motor cortex belong to a number of categories, most notably defensive actions that is, actions to defend one's own body hand to mouth actions important to eat and drink! The problem here is that there are multiple dimensions that are mapped onto a two-dimensional entity we can flatten the cerebral cortex and visualize it as a surface area.

This problem needs to be solved with a process of dimensionality reduction. Computational studies have shown that algorithms that do dimensionality reduction while optimizing the similarity of neighboring points our 'like attracts like' principle produce maps that reproduce well the complex, somewhat fractured maps described by empirical studies of the motor cortex.

Thus, the principle of 'like attracts like' seems working well even when multiple dimensions must be mapped onto a two-dimensional entity our cerebral cortex. Let's move to human behavior. Imitation in humans is widespread and often automatic. It is important for learning and transmission of culture. We tend to align our movements and even words! However, we don't imitate other people in an equal way.

Perhaps not surprisingly, we tend to imitate more people that are like us. Soon after birth, infants prefer faces of their own race and respond more receptively to strangers of their own race. Adults make education and even career choices that are influenced by models of their own race. This is a phenomenon called self similarity bias. Since imitation increases liking, the self similarity bias most likely influences our social preferences too.

We tend to imitate others that are like us, and by doing that, we tend to like those people even more. From neurons to people, the very simple principle of 'like attracts like' has a remarkable explanatory power. This is what an elegant scientific explanation is supposed to do. To explain a lot in a simple way. Actually, it is little known, even among physicists, but extremely interesting how Einstein came to this position.

It is often said that Einstein invented the concept to explain the photoelectric effect. Certainly, that is part of Einstein's publication, but only towards its end. The idea itself is much deeper, more elegant and, yes, more beautiful. Imagine a closed container whose walls are at some temperature.

The walls are glowing, and as they emit radiation, they also absorb radiation. After some time, there will be some sort of equilibrium distribution of radiation inside the container. This was already well known before Einstein.

Max Planck had introduced the idea of quantization that explained the energy distribution of the radiation inside such a volume. Einstein went a step further. He studied how orderly the radiation is distributed inside such a container. For physicists, entropy is a measure of disorder. To consider a simple example, it is much more probable that books, notes, pencils, photos, pens etc.

Or, if we consider a million atoms inside a container, it is much more probable that they are more or less equally distributed all over the volume of the container than that they are all collected in one corner. In both cases, the first state is less orderly: when the atoms fill a larger volume they have a higher entropy than the second one mentioned. The Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann had shown that the entropy of a system is a measure of how probable its state is.

Einstein then realized in his paper that the entropy of radiation including light changes in the same mathematical way with the volume as for atoms. In both cases, the entropy increases with the logarithm of that volume. For Einstein this could not just be a coincidence. Since we can understand the entropy of the gas because it consists of atoms, the radiation consists also of particles that he calls energy quanta.

Einstein immediately applied his idea for example to his well-known application of the photoelectric effect. But he also realizes very soon a fundamental conflict of the idea of energy quanta with the well-studied and observed phenomenon of interference. The problem is simply how to understand the two-slit interference pattern. This is the phenomenon that, according to Richard Feynman, contains "the only mystery" of quantum physics.

The challenge is very simple. When we have both slits open, we obtain bright and dark stripes on an observation screen, the interference fringes. When we have only one slit open, we get no stripes, no fringes, but a broad distribution of particles. This can easily be understood on the basis of the wave picture. Through each of the two slits, a wave passes, and they extinguish each other at some places of the observation screen and at others, they enforce each other.

That way, we obtain dark and bright fringes. But what to expect if the intensity is so low that only one particle at a time passes through the apparatus? Following Einstein's realist position, it would be natural to assume that the particle has to pass through either slit. We can still do the experiment by putting a photographic plate at the observation screen and sending many photons in, one at a time. After a long enough time, we look at the photographic plate. According to Einstein, if the particle passes through either slit, no fringes should appear, because, simply speaking, how should the individual particle know whether the other slit, the one it does not pass through, is open or not.

This was indeed Einstein's opinion, and he suggested that the fringes only appear if many particles go through at the same time, and somehow interact with each other such that they make up the interference pattern. Today, we know that the pattern even arises if we have such low intensities that only one, say, photon per second passes through the whole apparatus. If we wait long enough and look at the distribution of all of them, we get the interference pattern.

The modern explanation is that the interference pattern only arises if there is no information present anywhere in the Universe through which slit the particle passes. But even as Einstein was wrong here, his idea of the energy quanta of light, today called photons pointed far into the future.

In a letter to his friend Habicht in the same year of , the miraculous year where he also wrote his Special Theory of Relativity, he called the paper proposing particles of light "revolutionary". As far as is known, this was the only work of his that he ever called revolutionary.

And therefore it is quite fitting that the Nobel Prize was given to him for the discovery of particles of light. This was the Nobel Prize of That the situation was not as clear a few years before is witnessed by a famous letter signed by Planck, Nernst, Rubens and Warburg, suggesting Einstein for membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences in They wrote: "the fact that he Einstein occasionally went too far should not be held too strongly against him.

Not even in the exact natural sciences can there be progress without occasional speculation. Although I am a theoretical physicist, my choice could easily be Darwin. Closer to my area of expertise, there is General Relativity: Einstein's realization that free-fall is a property of space-time itself, which readily resolved a great mystery why gravity acts in the same way on all bodies. So, in the interest of diversity, I will add a modifier and discuss my favorite annoying elegant explanation: quantum theory.

As explanations go, few are broader in applicability than the revolutionary framework of Quantum Mechanics, which was assembled in the first quarter of the 20th century. Why are atoms stable? Why do hot things glow? Why can I move my hand through air but not through a wall? What powers the sun? The strange workings of Quantum Mechanics are at the core of our remarkably precise and quantitative understanding of these and many other phenomena.

And strange they certainly are. An electron takes all paths between the two points at which it is observed, and it is meaningless to ask which path it actually took.

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The advantage that value betting has over arbitrage betting is that you generate a much higher turnover and use lower stakes which may make your accounts last longer then conventional arbitrage betting. A lot of bookmakers will also offer value value accumulators often on a weekly basis as part of odds boosts or special promotions. Negatives of value betting? Again the only downside to consistently taking value bets is that soft bookmakers will eventually see that you are able to make money from them and will limit or close your account.

However if you plan to make money from sports betting. Getting banned from soft bookmakers is going to happen whichever way you choose to make money from them. Proven Betting System 3 — Matched Betting The popularity of matched betting has exploded in the last few years and with good reason.

Matched betting is probably one the best and easiest ways to generate a good second income online. It involves taking advantage of bookmaker offers to guarantee a profit much like arbitrage. I have covered matched betting in a lot more detail in this article below. Negatives of matched betting? Bookmakers will stop giving you promotions eventually.

But as discussed before this is what happens when you become a profitable sports bettor. So there you have 3 proven betting systems that are currently working in Which should also prove be profitable in the long term. Each of these betting systems involve exploiting soft bookmakers. This is really the best way to start making money from the sports betting markets and allows you to build up a nice trading bankroll or good second income. Odds can rapidly change on the basis of team news.

If you have a good knowledge of the teams that are playing, then you will often be able to secure yourself a value bet. Here is a good example of how odds can change when a teams lineup is announced. In this example I have highlighted the point at which team news was announced.

Arsenal announced a weaker side then expected, from this news the odds on Arsenal drifted quite significantly before the game started. If you were familiar with the teams and reacted to the information you would have been able to secure yourself a value bet on Standard Liege. This is a really effective strategy and if you have access to betting exchanges you can secure yourself a profit before the game even starts.

Samples of the Betting System By using the betting strategy, the first bet is 1 unit, the second bet is 3 units, the third bet is 2 units, and the fourth bet is 6 units. Now you've completed the betting cycle so you loop back and start all over again. The blackjack betting system is an interesting strategy.

With this system you are risking a small amount to win a much larger amount, if you complete the betting cycle. You can lose 6 times at the worst level, the second bet, and still completely cover yourself by winning all 4 bets of the cycle one time. Should You Use the Betting System?

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