Chemistry alcohols phenols and ethers notes

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Alcohols phenols ethers notes and chemistry understanding investing funds companies

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The saturated carbon can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or benzyl. If, on the other hand, a hydroxyl group is attached to a benzene ring. Phenols are the name given to these compounds. Alcohol is used in both industry and everyday life. Chiefly ethanol, for example, is a common spirit used to polish wooden furniture. Sugar, cotton, and paper are all composed of compounds that contain groups. Phenols are found in a variety of important polymers, including Bakelite, as well as pharmaceuticals such as Aspirin.

Ethers are commonly used as anaesthetics and solvents. In alcohols, the oxygen of the group is attached to carbon by a sigma bond formed by the overlap of a sp hybridised forbital of carbon with a sp hybridised orbital of oxygen.

The following figure depicts structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane. Classification Classification of alcohols and symmetrical and unsymmetrical ether 3. The structural aspects of phenol, methanol and methoxymethane are depicted by the following figure. Structure of methanol Due to lone pair-lone pair repulsion, bond angle is slightly less.

Structure of Methoxymethane Due to the general repulsive interaction between the two bulky R groups, the bond angle in methoxymethane is greater than the tetrahedral angle. In phenol, the hydroxyl group is directly attached to the sp2hybridised carbon of benzene ring whereas in alcohols, the hydroxyl group is attached to the sp3hybridised carbon of the alkyl group.

The sp2hybridised carbon has higher electronegativity than sp3hybridised carbon. Thus, the polarity of O—H bond of phenols is higher than those of alcohols. Hence, the ionisation of phenols is higher than that of alcohols.

The ionisation of an alcohol and a phenol takes place as follows: In alkoxide ion, the negative charge is localised on oxygen while in phenoxide ion, the charge is delocalised. The delocalisation of negative charge makes phenoxide ion more stable and favours the ionisation of phenol.

Although there is also charge delocalisation in phenol, its resonance structures have charge separation due to which the phenol molecule is less stable than phenoxide ion. On the other hand, electron releasing groups, such as alkyl groups, in general, decreases the acid strength. It is because electron withdrawing groups lead to effective delocalisation of negative charge in phenoxide ion. Differentiate between organic compounds: a Alcohols and phenols Phenol on reaction with neutral FeCl3 gives purple colour whereas alcohols do not give purple colour.

Turbidity appears only on heating. If it is a secondary alcohol, turbidity appears in 5 minutes. If it is a tertiary alcohol, turbidity appears immediately. Structure of ethers: a From alcohols b From alkyl halide and sodium alkoxide Here, the alkyl halide should be primary and alkoxide should be tertiary.